![]() Despite long-term studies on various models, the phenomenon of retinal self-organization still remains poorly understood. Self-organization underlies the development and regeneration of the retina in vivo and serves as a basis for the formation of retinal 3D organoids in vitro. Self-organization is a process that provides the formation of the complex and regular retinal structure during development in vivo and in vitro. It possesses a simplified anatomical structure and consists of well-defined cell types, which is a convenient feature facilitating retinal research. The retina, as part of the central nervous system (CNS), provides an easily accessible model system for investigating the histogenesis of the complex neural tissue. The major objective of developmental biology and biomedicine is to address the question as to how a complexly organized organ, which is a coordinated system programmed to perform certain functions, is assembled from simple embryonic tissues. Finally, the self-organization phenomenon is discussed as a basis for the production of retinal organoids, a promising model for a wide range of basic scientific and medical applications. On the physical level, the focus is on the mechanical properties of cell- and cell layer-derived forces and on the molecular level on factors responsible for gene regulation, such as transcription factors, signaling molecules, and epigenetic changes. On the cellular level, these include competence, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, cooperative movements, and migration. The review highlights integral parts of retinal development in these conditions. Described also are histotypic 3D structures obtained from the disaggregated retinal progenitor cells of birds and retinal 3D organoids derived from the mouse and human pluripotent stem cells. The phenomenon of self-organization is discussed in the spatiotemporal context and illustrated by key findings during vertebrate retina development in vivo and retinal regeneration in amphibians in situ. The review aims to summarize the existing central theories and ideas for a better understanding of retinal self-organization, as well as to address various practical problems of retinal biomedicine. This highly intricate phenomenon is not sufficiently studied due to its biological complexity and genetic heterogeneity. ![]() Self-organization is a process that ensures histogenesis of the eye retina.
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